What is dressage? Basics, classes & education at a glance

Dressage – Classical Discipline in Equestrian Sport

Dressage is one of the oldest and most elegant disciplines in equestrian sports. It is based on refined communication between rider and horse, with the aim of promoting suppleness, long-term soundness, and performance readiness.

The main goal is to achieve a harmonious and effortless partnership through precise dressage movements, while also maintaining the horse’s physical and mental health. Dressage follows a systematic training scale, guiding both horse and rider step-by-step toward higher levels of performance.

Beginners start with basic riding exercises, while experienced riders compete in advanced classes such as Grand Prix, World Championships, or the Olympic Games. Prestigious events like CHIO Aachen showcase the art of dressage, where precision, expression, and elegance are paramount.

History of Dressage: From Warfare to Sport

Horses have accompanied humans for millennia – as a means of transport, for labor, and in battle. Particularly in military contexts, riding skills were vital: a well-trained horse often meant the difference between victory and defeat.

Many movements from the Haute École (Hohe Schule), like the capriole or levade, were originally developed for use in combat.

Xenophon: The First Dressage Trainer in History

The first structured writing on horsemanship comes from Xenophon (ca. 426 BC), a Greek cavalry officer. In his work "Peri Hippikes" (On Horsemanship), he described horse selection, care, and training – emphasizing gentle handling. His philosophy:The first structured writing on horsemanship comes from Xenophon (ca. 426 BC), a Greek cavalry officer. In his work "Peri Hippikes" (On Horsemanship), he described horse selection, care, and training – emphasizing gentle handling. His philosophy:

"Dressage through kindness is more effective than force." These principles still form the basis of modern dressage training today.

Even before Xenophon, Simon of Athens (ca. 600 BC), whom Xenophon cited, understood the importance of natural equine behavior. He advocated reward-based training, a concept that aligns with today’s positive reinforcement.

From the Military to Competitive Sport

After Xenophon, equestrian knowledge declined for centuries. It was revived in the 18th century, especially by François Robichon de la Guérinière, royal riding master of the French king. His 1733 work École de Cavalerie remains a cornerstone of classical dressage.

The military link persisted into modern times:

• By the end of World War II, over 2.8 million horses served in the German army.
• In 1912, the H.Dv.12 (German army training manual) outlined the official cavalry training system.
• Much of the classical knowledge was lost during wartime, as many skilled horsemen perished.

The Rise of Modern Dressage

By the late 19th century, dressage evolved into a sporting discipline. Originally reserved for military officers, competitions gradually opened to civilians.

Today, dressage is firmly established:

• Olympic discipline since 1912‍
• Major international competitions like CHIO Aachen‍
• Post-war transition from military to recreational sport

From introductory level (Training Level or E-Level) to international Grand Prix, dressage offers a structured path for all skill levels.

The Training Scale in Dressage

The Training Scale (also called “Skala der Ausbildung” in German) is the core framework for classical dressage education. Its goal is to prepare the horse gradually for higher demands while promoting the following key elements: Rhythm (Takt), Suppleness (Losgelassenheit), Contact (Anlehnung), Impulsion (Schwung), Straightness (Geraderichtung), Collection (Versammlung)

Each phase builds upon the previous one, forming a logical progression that fosters balance, suppleness, and mental focus.

The History and Structure of the Training Scale

The modern training scale has its roots in the German military riding manual H.Dv.12 (1937), which served as the foundation for systematic equestrian training. In 1940, a preliminary version was published by Siegfried von Haugk in his work "Die Ausbildung der Rekruten im Reiten" (“Training of Recruits in Riding”).
After World War II, von Haugk further developed the concept in his book "Das Reiter-ABC" (1948), where he defined the training objectives according to the six stages still used today in the Training Scale.

The Six Elements of the Dressage Training Scale

1. Rhythm
   – Regularity and evenness of all steps, strides, and jumps
2. Suppleness
   – Supple engagement and disengagement of the muscles, combined with inner calmness
3. Connection
   – A soft, elastic, and steady connection between the rider's hands and the horse's mouth
4. Impulsion
   – The transmission of energetic thrust from the hindquarters through a swinging back into forward movement
5. Straightness
   – Even development and gymnasticizing of both sides of the body to compensate for natural crookedness
6. Collection
   – Self-carriage with increased engagement of the hind legs, balance over a smaller base of support, and lightness of the forehand

Criticism of the Traditional Training Scale – Still Up-to-Date?

The training scale in dressage has been considered a guiding principle for horse training for decades. However, an increasing number of trainers, riders, and equine professionals are questioning whether its rigid sequence is still appropriate in modern equestrian practice.

A Dynamic Rather Than Rigid Structure?

The classical training scale assumes that the six elements build upon one another in a fixed, linear order. Critics, however, argue that horse training is not a straight path — elements like rhythm, contact, and impulsion often develop in parallel and influence each other dynamically.

Frequently Mentioned Criticisms:

Training Scale vs. Training Principles – A New Approach?

Some modern riding instructors move away from the rigid structure of the classical training scale and instead favor flexible training principles tailored to each horse’s individual needs.

Nevertheless, the training scale remains a valuable guide. It provides structure and system – essential for horse-friendly education that aligns with the natural physical and mental development of a riding horse.

Dressage Levels from E to S Explained

Which levels exist in dressage?
How is the dressage class system structured, and how are tests scored?

In dressage, a structured class system gradually introduces horses and riders to increasingly complex requirements.
The goal is not to move up the levels as quickly as possible, but to solidify the basics and develop in harmony toward the next stage.

Tests are categorized by difficulty, with further refinement in star levels (e.g., A*, A**). The more stars a class has, the more demanding the required movements.

Example:

• In A* (Elementary) level, the movement “lengthening of strides” may be required.
• In A**, the test may include “medium trot”.

The difficulty scale increases continuously from E (Entry level) to S (Advanced):

• E to M classes typically feature 1 or 2-star systems,
• S level ranges from S, S*, S*** up to S** (1–4 stars)**.

E-Level Dressage (Entry Level) – Foundation for Horse and Rider

The E level is the introductory dressage class, designed for beginner riders and young horses.

Requirements:

• Correct execution of basic gaits: walk, trot, and canter
• Simple arena figures like circles, loops, and serpentines
• Initial signs of relaxation and rhythm

Judging criteria focus on:

• The horse’s rideability and relaxation
• The rider’s position, seat, and effective aids

Learning Tip:
In our Academy section “Dressage / Basic Training”, you’ll find comprehensive lessons on: Basic training, Long-term health of the riding horse, How to apply the aids correctly, Understanding contact and connection – and much more!

A Level Dressage (Beginner Class) – Introduction to Collecting Movements

Video Tip: Class A – Requirements and What Judges Look For!Discover the new movements required at this level, including medium trot, medium canter, and quarter lines. Learn how to refine your pace choices, improve your rider position and aids, and understand what judges evaluate – perfect preparation for your next competition!

The A-level builds upon the basics learned in E-level dressage and introduces the rider and horse to more demanding exercises.‍

Requirements:

A*

• Lengthening of strides in trot and canter
• Riding smaller and larger squares
• 10-meter circles
• Giving and retaking the reins

A**

• Medium trot & medium canter
• Rein back
• Transitions between walk and canter
• Stretching the reins (horse chews the reins out of the hand)

Rider and horse must demonstrate greater throughness (Durchlässigkeit) and more precise use of aids.

You can find a wide range of Class A dressage videos in our Academy: [Dressage Class A]. Whether you're working on leg-yielding or mastering walk-canter transitions, you'll find everything you need to advance your A-level training.

L Dressage (Elementary Level) – First Collection & Greater Precision

➡️ Video Tip: Dressage Class L – Mastering New Movements!
Learn how to ride short turns, counter-canter, and simple lead changes – and find out what judges pay close attention to. This level is your next step toward true collection!

The L level requires greater precision, obedience, and collection. The horse must respond correctly to the rider’s aids and show correct flexion and bending. Counter-canter, serpentine lines, and elements such as traversals and collected canter are added at this level. Some L level dressage tests are also ridden in double bridle.‍

Requirements:

L*

• 8-meter voltes
• Counter-canter
• Short turns (turn on the haunches)

L**

• Traversal
• Shoulder-in

In this level, correct contact, bending, and straightness are increasingly emphasized. Some tests may already be performed using a double bridle.

L-level dressage tests can vary significantly in format. Most are held in a 20x40m arena, while some are already ridden in a 20x60m arena.

Training Tip:
You’ll find specific exercises and training tasks for L-level dressage in our Academy section: “Dressage Level L”. Whether you want to master traversals, shoulder-in, or turns from the corner – explore our Dressage Academy and improve your performance in L-level dressage tests.

M-Level Dressage (Medium Level) – Collection & Flying Changes

‍➡️ Video Tip: Mastering M-Level Dressage – Flying Changes & Traversals!Discover the new challenges at this level, including flying canter changes, zigzag traversals, and walk pirouettes. Learn what judges focus on and how to perfect these movements – the next step toward advanced collection!

The M level requires significantly greater collection ability from the horse

Requirements:

M*

• Extended trot and extended canter
• Shoulder-in, renvers, and half travers
• Single flying canter changes

M**

• Walk pirouettes
• Canter traversals
• Lateral displacement in traversals

Tests in this class may be held in either 20x40m or 20x60m dressage arenas, and may be ridden in snaffle or double bridle, depending on the specific test.

You can find tasks and training exercises for M-level dressage in our Academy section: “Dressage Class M”.

S-Level Dressage – Highest Level in National Dressage Sport

‍➡️ Video Tip: S-Level Dressage – Masterful Precision and Peak Performance!Judge Nicole Nockemann explains why S-level tests demand the utmost from both horse and rider. Discover key movements such as canter pirouettes, flying changes, and the pathway to Grand Prix – a fascinating insight into the world of advanced dressage!

The S class is the highest level in national dressage competitions and demands maximum precision, suppleness, and collection from both horse and rider. In addition to the movements required in M-level tests, more advanced elements such as piaffe, passage, one- and two-tempi changes, and full canter pirouettes are expected.

Requirements:

• S* – Introduction to movements like canter pirouettes, series changes, and initial piaffe steps.
• S** – Full piaffe, passage, flying changes every two and one stride, and complete canter pirouettes.

Tests at this level can be ridden either as standard tests or as freestyle (Kür) to music.

International Dressage Levels – The Path to Grand Prix

In addition to national levels, there are international dressage classes ridden at global events such as the Olympic Games, World and European Championships.

Overview of FEI Levels:

• Prix St. Georges (S*) – First international level, featuring lateral movements and series changes.
• Intermediate I & II (S**) – Increased difficulty including piaffe and passage.
• Grand Prix (S**) – Highest level, with all advanced dressage movements.
• Grand Prix Special (S***) – Olympic-level test requiring maximum precision and harmony.

These tests represent the peak of international dressage sport.

You’ll find all relevant exercises and test breakdowns in our Academy: "Dressage Class S" – from developing impulsion, contact, and expression to perfecting flying changes, canter traversals, collection, and pirouettes.

International Classification of Dressage Levels – A Comparison

While the dressage system in Germany is structured according to the Leistungs-Prüfungs-Ordnung (LPO – Competition Rules), other countries use different classifications and standards. In the United Kingdom (British Dressage) and the United States (United States Dressage Federation – USDF), the levels are similarly structured but differ in terminology and some specific requirements.

The following table compares the German dressage levels (E to S) with the corresponding levels in the UK and USA. This is especially helpful for riders who compete internationally or are interested in understanding how dressage is organized in other countries.

What is judged in dressage tests?

‍➡️ Video tip: Understanding Dressage Scoring – How the Judging System Works! Find out what differentiates the LPO judging systems § 402 A, B, and C, how judges evaluate from different positions, and what that means for your test – for greater transparency in the sport of dressage!

Dressage is divided into various levels of difficulty to provide a structured development path for both horse and rider. The classification into levels helps ensure appropriate assessment of performance, progression in training, and fairness in competition.

Dressage levels range from introductory tests for young horses and novice riders to the highest international competitions, where advanced movements like piaffe, passage, and pirouettes are required.

Why Are There Different Dressage Levels?

Horses and riders undergo a progressive training process based on the Training Scale (Skala der Ausbildung).
A clear breakdown into understandable levels ensures that both are trained appropriately for their age and ability.
The structured classification allows judges to evaluate performances objectively and consistently.

How Are Dressage Tests Structured?

Each test has defined requirements for the rider’s position, the aids used, and the quality of the horse’s gaits and movements.
The difficulty levels are aligned with the increasingly complex elements of the Training Scale – starting from rhythm and relaxation to the highest levels of collection and suppleness.
National and international classes differ slightly – national tests follow local regulations (such as the German LPO), while international tests like the Grand Prix are part of the global FEI dressage system.

This system ensures that dressage tests provide fair and level-appropriate conditions for both up-and-coming riders and internationally successful competitors.

Judging Criteria in Dressage – How Horse and Rider Are Scored

In dressage tests, judges evaluate the harmony between horse and rider, the accurate execution of movements, and the horse’s throughness and gymnastic development.
Scoring is based on the principles of the Training Scale, ensuring the horse is presented in a manner appropriate to its level and stage of development.

How Are Dressage Tests Scored?

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Scoring is based on a standardized numerical system and follows the principles of the Training Scale.
What is the highest score in dressage, and how is it composed? Here’s a quick overview of the key aspects of scoring in dressage competitions:

• Each movement is scored on a scale from 0 to 10, with 10 being the highest mark for a perfectly executed movement.
• The overall score consists of individual marks for specific criteria and movements throughout the test.
• In higher levels, the degree of difficulty of the exercises is also taken into account.

Young Horse Dressage Tests – Evaluation of Movement and Training

In young horse dressage classes (Dressurpferdeprüfung), the focus is on the quality of the horse’s natural gaits and the degree of training appropriate for its age. The goal of these classes is to assess how well the horse meets the expectations of its level and to evaluate its potential for higher-level work.

Key Judging Criteria in Young Horse Tests:

• Rhythm: Purity and regularity of the gaits in walk, trot, and canter.
• Relaxation: Freedom of movement without tension or resistance.
• Impulsion: Elastic, ground-covering strides with energy generated from the hindquarters.
• Contact: Soft, steady connection between the rider’s hands and the horse’s mouth.
• Throughness: Willingness and responsiveness to the rider’s aids.
• Balance: The horse’s ability to carry itself naturally and stay in self-carriage.
• Suitability as a Dressage Horse: Overall impression regarding rideability and potential for advanced work.

Horses are evaluated holistically, with emphasis on harmonious presentation, quality of movement, suppleness, and correct execution of exercises.

Dressage Seat Equitation – Rider’s Influence in Focus

In dressage seat equitation classes (Dressurreiterprüfung), the emphasis lies on the effectiveness and influence of the rider.

➡️ Video Tip: How to ace your dressage seat equitation test!
Learn what judges look for, how to score with precise aids, a correct seat, and accurate geometry – for a confident, polished performance in the arena!

Dressage Seat Equitation – The Rider’s Influence in Focus

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In dressage seat equitation tests, the focus is on the rider and how they influence the horse. Unlike standard dressage tests, the horse’s movement quality is not the main concern—instead, judges evaluate the harmony and effectiveness of the rider’s aids.

Key judging criteria in dressage seat equitation:

• Position & Balance: A well-balanced seat that does not interfere with the horse’s movement.
• Relaxation & Body Tension: Fluid movement without stiffness or excessive tension.
• Aids: Subtle, precise signals that the horse responds to willingly and without resistance.
• Influence & Communication: Clear, harmonious communication between rider and horse.
• Accuracy of Movements: Precisely executed arena figures and transitions.

The overall score in a dressage seat equitation test is composed of these individual elements. Most important is the harmony between rider and horse, as this reflects correct training and refined use of aids.

These two types of tests—dressage and dressage seat equitation—emphasize different aspects of the sport, but in both, a harmonious overall picture is essential for a high score.

The Best Dressage Riders & Their Achievements

Dressage is one of the most technically demanding disciplines in equestrian sport. Over the years, several riders have left a lasting mark on the sport through their achievements and influence. Germany has been a dominant force in dressage for decades, producing numerous Olympic champions, world champions, and European titleholders.

The greatest dressage riders of all time

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In the following section, we’ll take a closer look at the most legendary figures in dressage history and today’s top competitors.

Current Top Dressage Riders

(These riders are dominating international dressage today.)

Jessica von Bredow‑Werndl (Germany) – Olympic and European Champion

• Double Olympic gold medalist in 2021 (individual & team)
• Multiple European Champion & World Cup winner
• Successful with her horse Dalera BB

📖 Reading Tip: Jessica von Bredow‑Werndl – Harmony in Dressage!
Learn how the Olympic and World Cup champion achieves success through sensitivity, trust, and precision – a behind‑the‑scenes look at her unique riding art.

Catherine Dufour (Denmark) – Scandinavia’s Most Successful Dressage Rider

• Multiple European Champion & World Cup winner
• Exemplifies a modern, harmonious riding style
• Successful with horses such as Bohemian & Cassidy

Dorothee Schneider (Germany) – Olympic and European Team Champion

• Team gold at the Olympics in 2016 & 2021
• European Champion & German National Champion
• Successful with horses like Showtime FRH & Faustus

📖 Reading Tip: Dorothee Schneider – Precision and Feel in Dressage!
Delve into the career of this Olympic champion and experienced trainer, known for harmony and precision. Learn what defines her philosophy and how she brings horses to the top.

Helen Langehanenberg (Germany) – World Cup Winner & Olympic Medalist

• Team silver at the 2012 Olympics
• World Cup winner and successful international competitor
• Famous for her partnership with Damon Hill

Sönke Rothenberger (Germany) – Olympic Champion with Team Germany

• Team gold with Cosmo at the 2016 Olympics
• European Champion in 2017 & World Cup finalist

Steffen Peters (USA) – America’s Most Successful Dressage Rider

• Olympic team gold medalist with the U.S. in 2021
• Multiple World Cup winner & Nations Cup victor
• Successful with horses like Ravel & Suppenkasper

Frederic Wandres (Germany) – Top Talent from the German Team

• Nations Cup competitor for Germany & World Cup finalist
• Setting standards with Bluetooth OLD and Hot Hit OLD
• Considered one of the big hopes for upcoming World and European Championships
• Team gold contender at the 2024 Paris Olympics

📖 ReadingTip: Frederic Wandres – From School Horses to Olympic Dreams!
Follow his rise to the top of dressage through hard work and smart choices. Discover his journey, top achievements, and special bonds with his horses.

Prominent Young Riders & Future Prospects

Rising stars in dressage are proving themselves on the international stage. While established riders like Isabell Werth, Charlotte Dujardin, and Jessica von Bredow‑Werndl dominate the sport, more young talents are emerging with impressive results in U25 classes, Young Riders events, and early international Grand Prix tests.

Charlotte Fry (Great Britain) – World Champion & Olympic Star

• 2022 World Champion with Glamourdale
• Olympic medalist in 2020 and strong Paris performer
• Trained under Dutch dressage legend Anne van Olst
• Successfully competing at Grand Prix level with Glamourdale & Everdale
• Considered one of the leading riders of the next decades

Raphael Netz (Germany) – U25 Grand Prix Rising Star

• U25 European Champion 2021 & 2022
• Versatile young rider up to Grand Prix level
• Formerly worked in the stables of Jessica & Benjamin Werndl
• Winner of several international U25 Grand Prix competitions
• Seen as one of Germany’s brightest prospects for future championships

📖 Reading Tip: Raphael Netz – Talent, Groundedness, and Success!
At only 25, he has already won multiple U25 European titles and achieved impressive international placings. Learn more about his journey and the horses that accompany him.

Felipe Amaral (Brazil) – South America’s Dressage Hope

• Young talent rising in international competitions
• Competed at Pan American Games & Nations Cups
• Potential contender for the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics

Marlene Sieverding (Germany) – Promising Young Rider

• Successful in U25 Grand Prix & Young Rider tours
• Highly talented with strong international placings

Juan Matute Guimón (Spain) – Future of Spanish Dressage

• Impressive performances at international Grand Prix with Galactico & Quantico
• Continuing the family tradition of his father Juan Matute Sr.
• Overcoming health challenges to return to top competition

Moritz Treffinger (Germany) – From Young Riders to Grand Prix

• U25 European Champion & World Cup winner in Young Riders
• Multiple German youth titles
• Successful at international Grand Prix level with Fiderdance & Franciscana
• Expected to rise further in top‑level competition

📖 Reading Tip: Moritz Treffinger – Not a Conventional Path, but an Extraordinary Journey!
With passion, equine understanding, and a strong network, he’s forging his way to the top. Learn more about his unique career and first successes with No Limit.

Future Talent in Dressage

Currently, riders such as Charlotte Fry, Raphael Netz, Juan Matute Guimón, and many other emerging talents are considered among the most promising prospects for future championships such as the 2026 World Championships and the 2028 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
The coming years will reveal which riders establish themselves at the highest level and who manages the leap into the absolute world elite.

The Future of Dressage – Fairness & Continued Progress

Dressage faces a major challenge: balancing athletic competition with ethical responsibility. While the fascination with the sport endures and the harmonious partnership between horse and rider is admired, it is essential that the sport continues to evolve with a clear focus on equine welfare.

Debates about ethical principles, horse‑friendly training, and fairness in judging have increased in recent years. Rule changes and new approaches in training are initial steps in the right direction. But what are the most important developments?

Sustainability & Animal Welfare in Dressage

A central theme in modern dressage is animal welfare and horse‑centred training. Dressage must ensure that horses are treated not merely as athletes but primarily as partners of the rider.

Current Challenges & Discussions in Dressage:

• Fairness & Respect for the Horse: Training should be based on harmony and communication, not force.
• Stricter Rules Against Cruel Practices: Ongoing debates over contentious methods such as rollkur (hyperflexion), excessive contact, and coercive techniques.
• More Equine‑Friendly Training Methods: Biomechanically informed training principles are increasingly influencing modern education.
• Health & Longevity: Avoiding overload through adapted competition formats.

💡 Future Trend: More riders and trainers are embracing positive reinforcement, science‑based biomechanics, and individually tailored training concepts.

Criticism of Classical Dressage Training – Calls for Change

In recent years, there have been repeated negative headlines about aspects of dressage. Images and videos showing stressed, uncomfortable, or mechanically ridden horses have sparked heated discussions.

Why Is There Criticism of Classical Dressage?

• Misuse of Aids & Tack: Examples include harsh bits and overly tight nosebands.
• Unnatural / Forced Movements: Concerns about excessive contact or rollkur.
• Perceived Subjectivity in Judging: Some argue that scoring can be too subjective.

How the Sport Can Become Fairer

• Stricter On‑Site Veterinary & Official Controls at competitions
• Improved Education for Riders & Trainers to promote horse‑centred methods
• New Judging Criteria that penalize excessive tension and unnatural movement

Dressage can only continue to evolve if fairness and respect for the horse come first.

New Rule Changes & Developments

To make dressage competitions fairer and more horse‑friendly, the FEI (Fédération Equestre Internationale) and national federations have introduced a series of updates in recent years.

Important Adjustments & Innovations

Stricter Rollkur & Hyperflexion Controls:
The FEI explicitly forbids rollkur (sustained forced hyperflexion of the neck). However, controlled Long, Deep, and Round (LDR) performed without force remains permitted. Steward controls aim to ensure aggressive riding methods are penalized, though implementation remains debated.

Standardized Noseband Checks from 2025:
The FEI will introduce an official measuring tool to check noseband tightness. This is intended to help ensure reduced pressure on the horse’s mouth, with minimum guidelines defined in discipline‑specific protocols.

Focus on Natural Movement:
Judges are encouraged to prioritize relaxation and suppleness, and to be more critical of overly tense or artificially produced movement.

Debates on More Objective Judging:
There is ongoing discussion on how to advance dressage scoring systems to more objectively penalize excessive tension and unnatural biomechanics. Introducing modern technical assessment tools is under consideration, though not yet officially adopted.

Technology & Digitalization in Dressage Training

Digitalization is revolutionizing the world of dressage – from online training and coaching platforms to smart technologies that analyze both horse and rider. Modern training methods allow for more effective learning, quicker identification of mistakes, and a more horse-friendly approach to education.

Key Technological Developments

Online Training & Coaching Platforms – Learn from the Best!
The ClipMyHorse.TV Academy offers exclusive instructional videos, expert tips, and online courses from some of the world’s leading dressage riders and trainers. Whether you're working on the fundamentals of dressage, refining specific movements, or preparing for a competition – the Academy provides hands-on, professional knowledge you can immediately apply to your own training.

Dressage: The Most Important Questions and Answers

Is dressage good for horses?

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Yes – when practiced in a horse-friendly manner and based on classical training principles. Dressage supports a horse’s gymnastic development, promotes soundness, and strengthens the musculature. Correct training improves a horse’s balance, suppleness, and ability to carry weight. The key is an individualized training plan that avoids force and respects the horse’s well-being.

What is dressage in simple terms?

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Dressage is a form of riding where horse and rider work together in harmony through precise, subtle aids. The goal is for the horse to move in a relaxed, balanced, and responsive way, guided by barely visible signals from the rider.

What is important in dressage?

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Correct use of the aids, clear communication between rider and horse, and adherence to the training scale are essential. Only when rhythm, relaxation, contact, impulsion, straightness, and collection are developed in harmony can true dressage be achieved.

What is the world record in dressage?

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The current world record for the highest score in a Grand Prix Freestyle is 94.3%, achieved by Charlotte Dujardin and Valegro. The highest score in a Grand Prix Special is 88.63%, also held by the same pair.

What do you do in dressage?

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Dressage includes a range of exercises and movements designed to gymnastically develop the horse and refine its movement. Depending on the horse’s level of training, this can include basic gaits, transitions, lateral work, flying changes, piaffe, passage, and pirouettes.

Is dressage difficult?

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Yes – it requires body awareness, discipline, and precise coordination of aids. It is also demanding for the horse, which must gradually learn to carry more weight on the hindquarters, stay balanced, and respond to subtle cues. However, with proper instruction and patience, any rider can learn the fundamentals of dressage.